Abstract: Precision thermal management is essential for improving energy-use efficiency, ensuring the operational reliability of devices, and enhancing human thermal comfort. However, conventional thermal-management technologies are increasingly constrained by their limited adaptability to emerging applications that demand flexibility, lightweight construction, and wearability. One-dimensional fibrous materials, featuring intrinsic flexibility, structural programmability, and versatile functional integration, offer a promising material for overcoming these limitations. This review focuses on hierarchically structured fibrous materials spanning the nanometer-to-micrometer scale and systematically summarizes their thermal-management mechanisms, fabrication strategies, and recent application advances, aiming to provide a reference for the structural design, functional regulation, and engineering application of highperformance thermal-management fibrous materials. First, the fundamental heat-transfer processes of thermal conduction, convection, and radiation are discussed, on the basis of which three major thermalmanagement mechanisms—passive thermal insulation, radiative regulation, and adaptive thermal regulation—are categorized. Subsequently, recent progress and representative achievements in microscale and nanoscale fibers for thermal management are reviewed according to their characteristic dimensions and structural features. Furthermore, the functional advantages and application potential of fiber-based thermalmanagement materials are elucidated in representative scenarios, including personal thermal management,building energy conservation, military camouflage, and aerospace applications. On this basis, the key challenges and development opportunities currently facing this field are analyzed.

Key words: thermal management; fibrous materials; aerogels; radiative regulation; phase-change materials; personal thermal management